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走近果酒:工艺、饮用和鉴别
http://www.pepo.cn 2008-03-31 16:33:35 阅读 4853 网友评论 21
来源:红酒部落    


酒的生产是利用新鲜的水果为原料,利用野生的或人工添加酵母菌来分解糖分,产生酒精及其他副产物。

  果酒的生产是利用新鲜的水果为原料,利用野生的或人工添加酵母菌来分解糖分,产生酒精及其他副产物。伴随着酒精和副产物的产生,果酒内部发生一系列复杂的生化反应,最终赋予果酒独特的风味及色泽。在生产中为了达到酿造高质量的果酒,需要对以下几项主要成分进行分析,作为检验品质的依据。

  ①酒精:酒精能防止微生物(杂菌)对酒的破坏,对保证酒的质量有一定作用。因此,果酒的酒精度大多在12-24度。
  ②酸:果酒中的酸有原料带来的,如葡萄中的酒石酸,苹果中的苹果酸,杨梅中的柠檬酸等;也有发酵过程中产生的,如醋酸,丁酸,乳酸,琥珀酸等。酒中含酸量如果适当,酒的滋味就醇厚、协调、适口。反之则差。同时,酸对防止杂菌的繁殖也有一定的作用。生产中用于表示果酒含酸量的指标有总酸和挥发酸。总酸,即成酸性反应的物质总含量,与果酒的风味有很大关系(果酒一般总酸量为0.5-0.8克/100毫升)。挥发酸,是指随着水蒸气蒸发的一些酸类,实践中以醋酸计算(果酒中的挥发酸不得高于0.15克/100毫升)。
  ③糖:由于果酒品种的不同以及各地人民的爱好各异,对酒液中的糖分要求极为悬殊,我国一般要求糖分9-18%之间。
  ④单宁:果酒中如缺乏单宁,酒味就会平淡;含量过高又会使酒味发涩。一般要求是,浅色酒中单宁含量0.1-0.4克/升,深色酒中为1-3克/升。
  ⑤色素:果酒具有各自不同的色泽,是由于果皮含有不同色素形成的。酒中色素随着储酒时间的延长,因氧化而变暗或发生沉淀。这是陈酒不及新酒色泽新鲜的缘故。
  ⑥浸出物:果酒在100℃下加热蒸发后所得到的残留物。主要有甘油、不挥发酸、蛋白质、色素、酯类、矿物质等。我国一般红葡萄酒的浸出物在2.7-3克/100毫升之间,白葡萄酒在1.5-2克/100毫升。浸出物过低,会使酒味平淡。
  ⑦总二氧化硫和游离二氧化硫:是果酒在生产过程中遗留下来的。一般规定,酒液中的总二氧化硫含量不得超过250毫升/升;游离二氧化硫不得超过20毫升/升。
  ⑧重金属:一般规定是:铁不得高于8毫升/升;铜不得高于1毫升/升;铝不得高于0.4毫升/升。
  在果酒中,葡萄酒是世界性产品,其产量、消费量和贸易量均居第一位。其次是苹果酒,在英国、法国、瑞士等国较普遍,美国和中国也有酿造。再有柑橘酒、枣酒、梨酒、杨梅酒、柿酒、刺梨酒等,它们在原料选择上要求并不严格,也无专门用的酿造品种,只要含糖量高,果肉致密,香气浓郁,出汁率高的果品都可以用来酿酒。

  (1)果酒酿造的工艺流程
  鲜果→分选→破碎、除梗→果浆→分离取汁→澄清→清汁→ 发酵→倒桶→贮酒→过滤→冷处理→调配→过滤→成品

  (2)工艺简述
  发酵前的处理: 前处理包括水果的选别、破碎、压榨、果汁的澄清,果汁的改良等。
  破碎、除梗: 破碎要求每粒种子破裂,但不能将种子和果梗破碎,否则种子内的油酯、糖苷类物质及果梗内的一些物质会增加酒的苦味。破碎后的果浆立即将果浆与果梗分离,防止果梗中的青草味和苦涩物质溶出。破碎机有双辊压破机、鼓形刮板式破碎机、离心式破碎机、锤片式破碎机等。
  渣汁的分离: 破碎后不加压自行流出的果汁叫自流汁,加压后流出的汁液叫压榨汁。自流汁质量好,宜单独发酵制取优质酒。压榨分两次进行,第一次逐渐加压,尽可能压出果肉中的汁,质量稍差,应分别酿造,也可与自流汁合并。将残渣疏松,加水或不加,作第二次压榨,压榨汁杂味重,质量低,宜作蒸馏酒或其他用途。设备一般为连续螺旋压榨机。
  果汁的澄清: 压榨汁中的一些不溶性物质在发酵中会产生不良效果,给酒带来杂味,而且,用澄清汁制取的果酒胶体稳定性高,对氧的作用不敏感,酒色淡,铁含量低,芳香稳定,酒质爽口。澄清的方法可参阅果汁的澄清。
  二氧化硫处理: 二氧化硫在果酒中的作用有杀菌、澄清、抗氧化、增酸、使色素和单宁物质溶出、还原作用、使酒的风味变好等。使用二氧化硫有气体二氧化硫及亚硫酸盐,前者可用管道直接通入,后者则需溶于水后加入。发酵基质中二氧化硫浓度为60-100mg/L。此外,尚需考虑下述因素:原料含糖高时,二氧化硫结合机会增加,用量略增;原料含酸量高时,活性二氧化硫含量高,用量略减;温度高,易被结合且易挥发,用量略减;微生物含量和活性越高、越杂,用量越高;霉变严重,用量增加 。

  果汁的调整:
  ①糖的调整: 酿造酒精含量为10%-12%的酒,果汁的糖度需 17-20°Bx。如果糖度达不到要求则需加糖,实际加工中常用蔗糖或浓缩汁。
  ②酸的调整: 酸可抑制细菌繁殖,使发酵顺利进行;使红葡萄酒颜色鲜明;使酒味清爽,并具有柔软感;与醇生成酯,增加酒的芳香;增加酒的贮藏性和稳定性。干酒易在0.6%-0.8%,甜酒0.8%-1%一般pH大于3.6或可滴定酸低于0.65%时应该对果汁加酸。

  酒精发酵:
  ①酒母的制备:酒母即扩大培养后加入发酵醪的酵母菌,生产上需经三次扩大后才可加入,分别称一级培养(试管或三角瓶培养)、二级培养、三级培养,最后用酒母桶培养。方法如下:
  一级培养:于生产前10天左右,选成熟无变质的水果,压榨取汁。装入洁净、干热灭菌过的试管或三角瓶内。试管内装量为1/4,三角瓶则1/2。装后在常压下沸水杀菌1小时或58kPa下30分钟。冷却后接入培养菌种,摇动果汁使之分散。进行培养,发酵旺盛时即可供下级培养。
  二级培养:在洁净、干热灭菌的三角瓶内装1/2果汁,接入上述培养液,进行培养。
  三级培养:选洁净、消毒的10L左右大玻璃瓶,装入发酵栓后加果汁至容积的70%左右。加热杀菌或用亚硫酸杀菌,后者每升果汁应含SO2 150mg,但需放置一天。瓶口用70%酒精进行消毒,接入二级菌种,用量为2%,在保温箱内培养,繁殖旺盛后,共扩大用。
  酒母桶培养:将酒母桶用SO2消毒后,装入12-14oBx的果汁,在28-30℃下培养1~2天即可作为生产酒母。培养后的酒母即可直接加入发酵液中,用量为2%~10%。

  ②发酵设备:发酵设备要求应能控温,易于洗涤、排污,通风换气良好等。使用前应进行清洗,用SO2或甲醛熏蒸消毒处理。发酵容器也可制成发酵贮酒两用,要求不渗漏,能密闭,不与酒液起化学作用。有发酵桶、发酵池,也有专门发酵设备,如旋转发酵罐、自动连续循环发酵罐等。


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